Sources

Every health claim on this site is reviewed against the peer-reviewed veterinary and nutrition literature. Below is the working bibliography our editorial team draws from, organised by topic.

Joint health & osteoarthritis (4)

1. McCarthy G, O'Donovan J & Jones B (2007). Randomised double-blind, positive-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) 174(1): 54-61.
   PMID 16647870 · DOI
2. Roush JK, Dodd CE & Fritsch DA (2010). Multicenter veterinary practice assessment of the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on osteoarthritis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 236(1): 59-66.
   PMID 20043800 · DOI
3. Martello E, Bigliati M & Adami R (2022). Efficacy of a dietary supplement in dogs with osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. PloS one 17(2): e0263971.
   PMID 35171954 · DOI
4. Kampa N, Kaenkangploo D & Jitpean S (2023). Study of the effectiveness of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, marine based fatty acid compounds (PCSO-524 and EAB-277), and carprofen for the treatment of dogs with hip osteoarthritis: A prospective, block-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Frontiers in veterinary science 10: 1033188.
   PMID 36816197 · DOI

Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) (6)

1. Scarff DH & Lloyd DH (1992). Double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of evening primrose oil in the treatment of canine atopy. The Veterinary record 131(5): 97-9.
   PMID 1523801 · DOI
2. Sture GH & Lloyd DH (1995). Canine atopic disease: therapeutic use of an evening primrose oil and fish oil combination. The Veterinary record 137(7): 169-70.
   PMID 8553525 · DOI
3. Hughes BH, Muzzy HM & Laliberte LC (2012). Oxidative stability and consumer acceptance of fish oil fortified nutrition bars. Journal of food science 77(9): S329-34.
   PMID 22957916 · DOI
4. Magalhães TR, Lourenço AL & Gregório H (2021). Therapeutic Effect of EPA/DHA Supplementation in Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic Companion Animal Diseases: A Systematic Review. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 35(3): 1419-1436.
   PMID 33910819 · DOI
5. Couëdelo L, Lennon S & Abrous H (2024). In Vivo Absorption and Lymphatic Bioavailability of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Microalgal Oil According to Its Physical and Chemical Form of Vectorization. Nutrients 16(7).
   PMID 38613047 · DOI
6. Carlisle C, Metzger BT & Tintle NL (2024). The Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on the Omega-3 Index and Quality of Life and Pain Scores in Dogs. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 14(21).
   PMID 39518831 · DOI

Gut microbiome & probiotics (12)

1. Kelley RL, Minikhiem D & Kiely B (2009). Clinical benefits of probiotic canine-derived Bifidobacterium animalis strain AHC7 in dogs with acute idiopathic diarrhea. Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine 10(3): 121-30.
   PMID 20037966
2. Kelley RL, Park JS & O'Mahony L (2010). Safety and tolerance of dietary supplementation with a canine-derived probiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis strain AHC7) fed to growing dogs. Veterinary therapeutics : research in applied veterinary medicine 11(3): E1-14.
   PMID 20960415
3. Bybee SN, Scorza AV & Lappin MR (2011). Effect of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 on presence of diarrhea in cats and dogs housed in an animal shelter. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 25(4): 856-60.
   PMID 21689152 · DOI
4. Cho JG, Gebhart CJ & Furrow E (2015). Assessment of in vitro oxalate degradation by Lactobacillus species cultured from veterinary probiotics. American journal of veterinary research 76(9): 801-6.
   PMID 26309108 · DOI
5. Xu H , Zhao F & Hou Q (2019). Metagenomic analysis revealed beneficial effects of probiotics in improving the composition and function of the gut microbiota in dogs with diarrhoea. Food & function 10(5): 2618-2629.
   PMID 31021333 · DOI
6. Pilla R & Suchodolski JS (2019). The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease. Frontiers in veterinary science 6: 498.
   PMID 31993446 · DOI
7. Bastos TS, de Lima DC & Souza CMM (2020). Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis reduce faecal protein catabolites concentration and odour in dogs. BMC veterinary research 16(1): 116.
   PMID 32306951 · DOI
8. Schmitz SS (2021). Value of Probiotics in Canine and Feline Gastroenterology. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice 51(1): 171-217.
   PMID 33187621 · DOI
9. Pilla R & Suchodolski JS (2021). The Gut Microbiome of Dogs and Cats, and the Influence of Diet. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice 51(3): 605-621.
   PMID 33653538 · DOI
10. Ullal TV, Marks SL & Huebner SN (2023). Association of folate concentrations with clinical signs and laboratory markers of chronic enteropathy in dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 37(2): 455-464.
    PMID 36919188 · DOI
11. Panja K, Areerat S & Chundang P (2023). Influence of dietary supplementation with new Lactobacillus strains on hematology, serum biochemistry, nutritional status, digestibility, enzyme activities, and immunity in dogs. Veterinary world 16(4): 834-843.
    PMID 37235154 · DOI
12. Oba PM, Swanson OR & Kang Y (2025). Effects of Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-122264 on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs. Journal of animal science 103.
    PMID 39923129 · DOI

Cobalamin (B12), folate & GI disease (3)

1. Simpson KW, Morton DB & Batt RM (1989). Effect of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency on cobalamin absorption in dogs. American journal of veterinary research 50(8): 1233-6.
   PMID 2782706
2. Heilmann RM, Grützner N & Iazbik MC (2017). Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 31(1): 109-116.
   PMID 27864850 · DOI
3. Chang CH, Lidbury JA & Suchodolski JS (2022). Effect of oral or injectable supplementation with cobalamin in dogs with hypocobalaminemia caused by chronic enteropathy or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 36(5): 1607-1621.
   PMID 36054643 · DOI

Skin & dermatology (3)

1. White SD, Rosychuk RA & Reinke SI (1992). Use of tetracycline and niacinamide for treatment of autoimmune skin disease in 31 dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 200(10): 1497-500.
   PMID 1535346
2. Mueller RS, Fieseler KV & Bettenay SV (2002). Influence of long-term treatment with tetracycline and niacinamide on antibody production in dogs with discoid lupus erythematosus. American journal of veterinary research 63(4): 491-4.
   PMID 11939308 · DOI
3. Meason-Smith C, Olivry T & Lawhon SD (2020). Malassezia species dysbiosis in natural and allergen-induced atopic dermatitis in dogs. Medical mycology 58(6): 756-765.
   PMID 31782778 · DOI

Toxicology (3)

1. Schweighauser A, Henke D & Oevermann A (2020). Toxicosis with grapes or raisins causing acute kidney injury and neurological signs in dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 34(5): 1957-1966.
   PMID 32893916 · DOI
2. Wegenast CA, Meadows ID & Anderson RE (2022). Acute kidney injury in dogs following ingestion of cream of tartar and tamarinds and the connection to tartaric acid as the proposed toxic principle in grapes and raisins. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001) 32(6): 812-816.
   PMID 35869755 · DOI
3. Genareo C & Durkan S (2025). Severe hypernatremia in a dog following activated charcoal treatment for chocolate ingestion. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne 66(10): 1071-1076.
   PMID 41030422

Reproductive health (1)

1. Lopate C (2023). Ultrasonography for the evaluation of pregnancy in the female canine. Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene 58 Suppl 2: 144-162.
   PMID 37724659 · DOI

Neurology & seizures (2)

1. Law TH, Davies ES & Pan Y (2015). A randomised trial of a medium-chain TAG diet as treatment for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. The British journal of nutrition 114(9): 1438-47.
   PMID 26337751 · DOI
2. Berk BA, Law TH & Packer RMA (2020). A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium-chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 34(3): 1248-1259.
   PMID 32293065 · DOI

Other peer-reviewed references (7)

1. Shoba G, Joy D & Joseph T (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta medica 64(4): 353-6.
   PMID 9619120 · DOI
2. Markovich JE, Heinze CR & Freeman LM (2013). Thiamine deficiency in dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243(5): 649-56.
   PMID 23971844 · DOI
3. Fenimore A, Martin L & Lappin MR (2017). Evaluation of Metronidazole With and Without Enterococcus Faecium SF68 in Shelter Dogs With Diarrhea. Topics in companion animal medicine 32(3): 100-103.
   PMID 29291770 · DOI
4. Pan Y, Landsberg G & Mougeot I (2018). Efficacy of a Therapeutic Diet on Dogs With Signs of Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS): A Prospective Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Clinical Study. Frontiers in nutrition 5: 127.
   PMID 30619873 · DOI
5. Campigotto G, Alba DF & Sulzbach MM (2020). Dog food production using curcumin as antioxidant: effects of intake on animal growth, health and feed conservation. Archives of animal nutrition 74(5): 397-413.
   PMID 32602378 · DOI
6. O'Neill DG, Mitchell CE & Humphrey J (2021). Epidemiology of periodontal disease in dogs in the UK primary-care veterinary setting. The Journal of small animal practice 62(12): 1051-1061.
   PMID 34374104 · DOI
7. Luo JB, Zhang L & Fu M (2023). Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) supplement in beagle dogs after castration: Effects on the haematology and serum chemistry profiles, immune response, and oxidative stress status. Veterinary medicine and science 9(1): 98-110.
   PMID 36583959 · DOI